Applied statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied statistics - Essay Example We apply econometric techniques over the period 1970 to 2002, involving 33 observations. In our notation, LGDP is natural logarithm (ln) of real Gross Domestic Product, LC is the log of consumption, LDI is the log of domestic investment, LX is the log of exports, LM is the log of imports, LG is the log of government expenditure and LFDI is the log of FDI. According to Gujarati (2004: 176-177), this model is called as the constant elasticity model that assumes a constant elasticity relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable, logarithm of gross domestic product. The coefficients associated with the independent variables measure the elasticity of the dependent variable with respect to independent variables, or the percentage increase in the dependent variable (Gujarati 2004: 176). The methodology of this work is informed by the works of Woolridge 2004:2-6 as well as Gujarati 2004:10-12. We begin with economic growth model 1 in which the national income function Y=C+I+G+(X-M). In model 1, however, I = DI + FDI where DI = domestic investment and FDI = foreign direct investment. For model 1 and for the rest of model as well, we assume the existence of constant C in the regression. Otherwise, interpretation of the regression will be different without a slope (Gujarati 2004: 167-169). We need not worry on the interpretation of the constant in a regression because it need not always have an interpretation (Gujarati 2004: 167-169). Table 1 suggests that all regressor variables of the regression, except for LFDI and LG are significant at the 0.01 level. This means that for all coefficients, except LFDI and LG, we can reject the applicable null hypothesis that ï  ¢i =0 to accept alternative hypotheses that are consistent with economic theory. Based on the theory of the national income function in economics, we expect the signs to be as follows: ï  ¢2>0, ï  ¢3>0, ï  ¢4>0, ï  ¢5>0, ï  ¢6>0, and ï  ¢7

Diplomatic Relations between Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Diplomatic Relations between Countries - Essay Example For example, there is "rupture" which is often used to refer to a breach of diplomatic relations. However, it may also connote a lesser deterioration in relations between two states.1 Lesser deterioration is what may generally obtain in diplomatic relations and not complete breakdown which implies belligerent status such as war. Diplomatic relations are rather complex in that both relationship issues and substantive issues maybe involved. The first refers to the way countries deal with each other, whether logically or emotionally, clearly or ambiguously, honestly or deceptively.2 The second concern issues that are the subjects of discrete negotiations, for example, the terms of a treaty, the price of one product, the levels of armaments.3 Apparently, when relationship is not problematic, substantive issues are easier to deal with. History is replete with accounts of diplomatic relations gone sour and broken down, followed by corresponding actions taken. A complete breakdown is a serious matter, implying that the countries involved are not interested even in the future where they can be friends. 4 Nevertheless, there are ways of salvaging fledgling relationships, but they need to follow some basic principles. For this portion, this paper largely centers on discussions of Scott Brown,5 a founding member of the acclaimed Harvard Negotiation Project. Brown advises to be unconditionally constructive on relationship issues. He states that indeed, many diplomatic relations function poorly, and he explains why and how they can be improved. II. Diplomatic Relations Before any substantive issue is to be dealt with, relationship issues must be looked into. There are six categories of relationship issues according to Brown: 6 the balance of emotion with reason between the two countries; their level of common understanding; the extent and nature of communication between them; the degree of trust between the two; the level of coercion as a method of influence; and, the degree of acceptance of the legitimacy of the negotiating partner. Diplomatic relations may therefore be said to have strong correlations with understanding, communication, trust, influence, and acceptance of negotiator. If something is wrong with any of these, the diplomatic relation may not be exactly wholesome but tittering on the brink of rupture. A. Mediated relationships. Diplomatic relations may be understood as special relationships between countries where they ink agreements, whether economic, political, social, and the like. These relations are specially firmed up with treaties to keep peace and order in the region, and at times with the involvement of a bigger power. The Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 was signed into law for the purpose of establishing a new relationship with Taiwan after U.S. recognized the People's Republic of China.(PRC)7 One thing that plagues Taiwan seemingly forever is its determination to be the China, and the United States in this case acts as mediator. Since it is the PRC that the United States has recognized, it also has to chalk up a relationship with Taiwan. In Wen Jiabao's 8 speech hosted by nine American Organizations, he said that people sincerely hope to see a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question in the midst of Taiwan's separatist tendencies. Batting for the One China policy, and challenging America to understand it, Wen Jiabao

The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube

The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube David Newson Abstract The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube is a simple mechanical device often used for refrigeration in industrial manufacturing as it requires only a supply of compressed gas. Despite having no moving parts the vortex tube is able to separate the compressed gas into two separate streams – one hot and one cold with temperatures observed in the range of -5 to 55. Different explanations for the processes taking place within the device haven been proposed but there is currently no single accepted theory. A fundamental understanding of the vortex tube and the equipment has been reached and the groundwork has been laid for further experimental investigation and numerical computational fluid dynamic modelling. Introduction The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube, often referred to simply as a vortex tube, is a mechanical device involving no moving parts that can be used to separate a stream of high pressure compressed gas into two lower pressure streams of varying temperatures. The cold stream is able to reach temperatures as low as -30 ºC whilst the hot stream can reach temperatures of up to 110  ºC [1]. First invented by French physicist G. Ranque in 1933 [2] the vortex tube was unpopular at the time due to its low efficiency and the idea was discarded until 1946, when German engineer R. Hilsch took it upon himself to improve the design [3]. With increased efficiency the vortex tube became an effective and popular spot cooling device for laboratory equipment, cutting tools such as lathes and mills, and other industrial processes. Since then there has been numerous attempts to find ways to further increase its efficiency and fully understand the processes leading to the temperature separation. The processes taking place within the vortex tube are simple to observe, but more difficult to accurately explain and model. It begins with compressed gas entering the vortex tube tangentially through a swirl generator creating an initial vortex inside the tube with rotational speeds of up to 1,000,000 RPM. The vortex moves along the length of the tube until it reaches an adjustable valve allowing a fraction of the gas to escape. The remaining gas is forced back down the centre of the tube, creating a secondary vortex. This secondary vortex has a reduced diameter and is contained within the initial vortex and travels in the opposite direction back along the length of the tube. When the secondary vortex reaches the other end of the tube all remaining gas is expelled through an opening. While this is taking place, energy is transferred from the inner vortex to the outer vortex, causing the temperature of the outer vortex to increase, and the temperature of the inner vortex to decrease. As the gas from the outer, hotter vortex and the gas from the cooler, inner vortex are expelled at opposite ends of the tube the two streams of varied temperature can be directed as required and the ratio of the temperatures controlled by changing the amount of gas allowed to be expelled at the adjustable valve. Figure 1. Initial and secondary vortexes within a vortex tube [4] There are currently different explanations for the temperature separation within the vortex tube with no theory being conclusively proved. It is currently thought that the energy transferred between the vortexes is through friction of the two vortexes rotating against one another but it is unknown whether the gas within the tube experiences â€Å"solid body rotation†, where the angular velocities of the of both the inner and the outer vortexes are the same or if the two vortexes are rotating at different angular velocities. Further investigation into the speed of rotations of the vortexes within a Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube will provide greater understanding of the energy transfer. Equipment The experimental set up consisted of a Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube, two flow gauges that could be placed at positions A,B or C, two thermo couples, a gate valve and a pressure gauge positioned as shown on figure 2 below. Figure 2. Schematic of experimental setup The vortex tube was supplied by compressed air with a mains pressure of 6.6 bar with the gate valve used to control the pressures and flow rates into the vortex tube. The flow gauges used were rota meters with a range of 30-300 litres per minute. Rota meters are made of a tapered tube with a â€Å"float† inside that is lifted up by the drag force created by the flow of the liquid around it and pulled down by gravity. A higher flow rate increases flow speed and drag causing the float to be lifted higher up the tube, however, as the float is lifted higher up the tube the tube widens due to the taper and the drag force decreases until the float reaches its new equilibrium. The equilibrium can be found using the equation . (1) Where is the mass of the float, is acceleration due to gravity, is the density of the fluid, is the velocity of the object relative to the fluid, is the reference area and is the drag coefficient. With the float in equilibrium the flow rate can be read off scale at a specified point on the float. Due to the simple nature of rota meters they are affected by changes in pressure and temperature and the displayed numbers are only valid at atmospheric pressure and standard atmospheric pressure. Correcting for the effects of pressure (2) Pressures above atmospheric pressure allows greater capacity for a flow meter and the above equation is used to determine the actual flow rate at varying pressures. Correcting for the effects of temperature (3) Temperatures above standard atmospheric temperature decreases maximum flow rate and the above equation is used to determine the actual flow rate at varying temperatures. The flow gauges have an unknown impedance which has to be calculated in order to make sure placing them in the system doesn’t affect the measured pressures nor the fraction of gas expelled through the hot end valve. If it does affect the system knowing the impedance allows corrections to be calculated. The impedance is calculated by measuring the rate of flow through a single flow gauge as a function of pressure. Figure 3. Experimental set up to calculate flow gauge impedance The vortex tube itself has no moving parts and consists of very few pieces. Compressed gas is fed in through the air inlet and as it passes through the generator creates a vortex inside the spin chamber, the vortex propagates along the length of the tube with air exiting out both the hot end valve and the cold end cap. Figure 3. Schematic of Meech Vortex tube [5] The only interchangeable part of the vortex tube is the generator. The generators determine the volume of gas flow through the vortex tube and the fraction of the incoming air that exits in the cold stream – the cold fraction. The cold fraction may also be altered by adjusting the hot end valve. The total flow can be calculated using (4) Where PSIG is pounds per square inch gage. The cooling and heating power in BTUH (British Thermal Unit per Hour) can be found by using the following: For Cooling: (5) For Heating: (6) Where 1 = 0.293W, = cold fraction, = cold airflow, = hot airflow, = inlet pressure, = cold stream temperature, = hot stream temperature Results The impedance of the flow gauges were calculated by plotting flow against pressure and calculating the gradient. Figure 4. Calibration of flow gauges The gradient calculated from figure 4 is which equals The gradient was then used to calculate impedance using (7) This gives a value for the impedance of the flow gauges of acoustic ohms. Figure 5. Temperature of streams as function of pressure Figure 5 shows the relationship between the temperatures of the stream and the inlet pressure. The two trend lines intersect at 0 pressure at 23 which is the temperature of the compressed air before it entered the vortex tube. The gradient of the hot stream trend line is 8.3 and the gradient of the cold stream trend line is -7.8 0.05. This shows the temperature of the hot flow is increasing faster than the cold flow is decreasing suggesting a cold fraction of above 0.5. Figure 6. Flow rates as a function of pressure Figure 6 displays the flow rates at each of the 3 positions A,B and C from figure 2. The flow rate of the cold stream is higher than the flow rate of the hot stream confirming that the cold fraction is above 0.5 as proposed from the findings in figure 5. This figure demonstrates the corrections to the flow rate using equation (2) as before the equation is applied the measured flow rate in (green) is significantly lower than the measured flow rate out (cyan). After the correction is applied the measured flow in (magenta) is equal to the measured flow out. This is based on the assumption that the pressure at the flow gauge in position A is 6.6 bar – the pressure of the mains gas supply. Figure 7. Energy flow rates as a function of pressure Figure 7 shows the rates of flow of internal energy of the gas at points A,B and C calculated by combining the following equations (7) (8) Into (9) Where is pressure, is volume, is number of moles, is the molar gas constant, is temperature and is internal energy. From this figure it seems that no energy is lost from the system and it is simply transferred between the two flows of the gas. This is expected based on the previous result as internal energy is proportional to volume and the volumes of gas flowing in and out of the tube were constant. Discussion After much investigation the temperature and energy separation and rate of flow appear linear as a function of inlet pressure. This was not always the case as for a long period of time the volume of gas measured being expelled by the vortex tube was vastly larger than that being measured entering the tube and the rate of flows were not linear. However, after studying the equipment it was found that this was due to the flow gauges being effected by temperature and pressure. Once the raw data was corrected by taking into account for these varying conditions the data matched up to initial predictions and with far fewer anomalies. The temperature difference of the two streams was observed and; with a cold fraction greater than 0.5 the cold stream was measured to have a higher rate of flow but there was a greater temperature difference in the hot stream from the initial temperature of the gas. The current data suggests that the gas as a whole does not gain or lose any internal energy and that energy is only transferred between the gas from the cold stream to the hot stream, however, this is under the assumption that the pressure at the flow gauge in position A was constantly at 6.6 bar. If this is not the case a slight difference in pressure could reveal changes in the internal energy of the gas which could help explain the processes happening within the tube. Conclusion The equipment has been calibrated and raw data is able to be corrected to provide correct results. Temperature separation has been measured in the range of -5 to 55 with the rate of change of temperature corresponding to the cold fraction of the generator. The internal energy of the gas has been observed to remain constant; transferring only between the cold and the hot stream but there is scope to further investigate this. A basic understanding of the vortex tube has been reached and the groundwork has been laid for further investigation. With further sampling it is hoped the energy separation will be understood in greater detail and that the theory that the gas undergoes solid body rotation will be proved or disproved. Future work Future work will include experimental investigation continuing looking into the transfer of energy within the vortex tube including more detailed analysis of rate of energy flow examining whether the gas loses, gains or conserves internal energy. Different generators of varying efficiencies and cold fractions will be investigated and documented and an attempt to build a probe to determine whether the angular velocities within the vortex tube vary or are constant will take place. Aside from the experimental work computational fluid dynamics will be used to numerically explore the inner workings of the vortex tube by creating a two dimensional computational model of a vortex tube using COMSOL software using the k-ÃŽ µ model to simulate the temperature separation phenomenon. Figure x shows the temperatures of the hot and cold streams achieved by three different generators as a function of flow. The results show that the generators that produce the lowest temperatures have a lower flow rate, this is expected as there is a similar amount of energy separation for each of the generators and you can choose to have a smaller quantity of very cold gas or a larger quantity that is not as cold, or a compromise as desired. This is important as it makes the vortex tube more adaptable for industries using it for spot cooling and the temperature and flow rate can be adjusted as required. References [1] Meech air technology brochure. 2013. http://www.meech.com/resources/362/MAT.pdf [2] G. J. Ranque, â€Å"Experiments on Expansion in a Vortex with Simultaneous Exhaust of Hot and Cold Air,† Le Journal De Physique et le Radium (Paris), Vol. 4, 1933. [3] R. Hilsch, â€Å"The Use of the Expansion of Gases in a Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process,† Review of Scientific Instrument, Vol. 18, 1947. http://scitation.aip.org/docserver/fulltext/aip/journal/rsi/18/2/1.1740893.pdf?expires=1386863841id=idaccname=freeContentchecksum=2218A70412ADD7B3EFBAAC108BCC9ABE [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_tube [5] Meech Static Eliminators Ltd www.meech.com

James Joyces Araby - Setting and Theme in Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

How the Setting Reinforces the Theme and Characters in Araby      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting in "Araby" reinforces the theme and the characters by using imagery of light and darkness.   The experiences of the boy in James Joyce's "Araby" illustrate how people often expect more than ordinary reality can provide and then feel disillusioned and disappointed.   The author uses dark and obscure references to make the boy's reality of living in the gloomy town of Araby more vivid.   He uses dark and gloomy references to create the mood or atmosphere, then changes to bright light references when discussing Mangan's sister.   The story expresses its theme through the setting, the characterization of the boy and his point of view as the narrator.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness is used throughout the story as the prevailing theme.   James Joyce's story begins at dusk and continues through the evening during the winter, in Araby Ireland.   He chooses this gloomy setting to be the home of a young boy who is infatuated with his neighbors sister.   The boy is young and naive and he leads a dull and boring life.   Joyce uses darkness to make the boy's reality more believable through more vivid, precise descriptions.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bright light is used to create a fairy tale world of dreams and illusions.   James Joyce uses the bright light when describing Mangan's sister, the boy's infatuation.   The protagonist is infatuated with his neighbor's sister and he imagines that he will heroically bring her something back from the bazaar.   Joyce refers to bright light when discussing Mangan's sister in order to give her a heavenly presence.   Light is used to create a joyful atmosphere.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ending of the story is filled with images of darkness and light. James Joyce uses the lights of the bazaar to illustrate the boy's confrontation with reality.   The bazaar lights are almost all off because the bazaar is almost closed.   This is significant because the boy wants the bazaar to be bright and open, but it is dark and closed.   This is when the boy finally realizes that

Effects of Global Warming on Coral Reefs Essay

The global warming is perhaps one of the very serious environmental problems that the world is facing right now. As many studies made by experts have illustrated, the problem of global warming affects every aspect of human and Earth life. It is not only the humans that are directly affected by the global warming. Other aspects of the ecology and natural ecosystem suffer as well because of the occurrence of global warming. The coral reefs, an important part of the ecosystem because of its role in sustaining several animal life particularly those of fishes which depend on coral reefs for their protection, reproduction and sustenance, is under attack by the effects of global warming. This paper is focused on writing about the effects of global warming on the coral reefs so that the extent of the damage that global warming caused to the coral reefs, as well as to other life forms and other aspects of the ecosystem, can be ascertained. Effects of Global Warming on Coral Reefs There are many different ways in which the global warming problem of the planet can affect the coral reefs found in sea and ocean beds in different parts of the planet. One of the effects of global warming to the coral reefs found in the seas and oceans around the world is coral bleaching. The rate of bleaching of the coral reefs continue to increase – as the Earth’s temperature continue to rise, the coral reefs reaction to it is primarily bleaching (Fujita 75). There were already cases of documented mass coral reef bleaching in the past, but experts believe that the entry of the global warming problem would cause the extension and continuation of the bleaching of the coral reefs because this is how the coral reefs react to the warming temperature in the planet. â€Å"Global warming would then continue to increase sea temperatures and induce mass coral bleaching (Fujita 75). † Warning from Concerned Groups Because of the available technology that mankind can use, combined with the level of science and technology being used and practiced by many scientists today, it was not impossible that the ill effects of the global warming that was present and illustrative in the changes happening to the coral reefs was something that was already predicted by some scientists. It is something that environmental groups were also talking about even before global warming made its presence truly felt, before the first signs of serious damage to coral reefs was seen and documented. Rodney Fujita, who authored books about the environment particularly of the ocean, talked about how he and some other scientists forewarned the government and the people about the impact of global warming to the coral reefs during the time when the government had enough time and opportunity to make the impact of global warming less devastating as it is today. â€Å"Tom Goreau, Jr. , a scrappy and (as it turns out) prescient coral reel ecologist, and I were among the first to warn that coral bleaching was likely to increase if global warming was allowed to proceed. Environmental Defense, Greenpeace and other environmental groups soon joined the chorus of cautionary voices (Fujita 75). † Looking at the situation now, the assessment can be either the government did nothing or what they did was insufficient. Looking at the situation now, there is no doubt that there are many proofs that will testify to the damaging effects of global warming to the coral reefs in the ocean. The sad part of the problem is that during the time when the bleaching effect was just a theory from a group of scientists, no one took it seriously. â€Å"Our theory that global warming would result in more extensive coral bleaching was met with disdain by many in the coral reef scientific community (Fujita 75). † Today, with the increased problem in bleaching in the coral reefs and the growing problem of global warming, the planet is edging closer and closer to the edge of the dangerous precipice that can ultimately force the state of environment health and stability to plummet towards total disaster. Other Effects to the Coral Reefs by Global Warming Other scientists and experts believe that aside from the bleaching of coral reefs, there are also other ways in which global warming can impact on the coral reefs, and the prospects are no better than the bleaching effects. Some experts believe that there are global warming effects to which the coral reefs are direct or indirect targets (Oliver 306). Take for example, the characteristic of global warming that influences the drastic change in weather patterns. Because of global warming, typhoons, hurricanes and cyclones can be stronger and more common than the usual. When this happens, coral reefs are affected because these natural catastrophes also destroy coral reefs. â€Å"Global warming also leads to other changes in the climate system that can affect reefs. Cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons) can destroy coral reefs (Oliver 306). † Another impact of global warming is the rise of sea level. This can have potentially dangerous effects on coral reefs. There are coral reefs situated near shores. When the sea level rises, the water can drag inside the sea/ocean minerals and other chemical found on land that can be dangerous to the coral reefs especially those situated near the shore where the source would come from. â€Å"The relatively small rise could affect reefs near land if flooding of the coastal zone releases nutrients and sediments that degrade water quality (Oliver 306). † The coral reefs are also in danger of being exposed to high rate of sedimentation. Because global warming brings about heavy rains, the rain would take earth and other particles from deforested areas and lead it towards seas and the resulting sedimentation is believed to result to something which is not in the best interest of the nearby coral reefs. â€Å"Increased precipitation on land can lead to greater sedimentation on many reefs, particularly those near deforested areas (Oliver 306). † The acidity of the ocean because of global warming also has an effect on coral reefs, its calcium content which in the long run can make the coral reefs weaker and more fragile than usual. What is important to stress here is that the effect of global warming on coral reefs can also impact humans. â€Å"It is likely, however, to result in changes to reefs which will adversely affect local communities dependent on reefs for their livelihood (Dipper 421). † Because of this, it is important to put importance on the coral reefs and how to save it from the effects of global warming. Works Cited Dipper, Frances. Elements of Marine Ecology. Elsevier Science and Technology Books, 1998. Fujita, Rodney. Heal the Ocean: Solutions for Saving Our Seas. New Society Publishers, 2003. Oliver, John E. The Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, 2005.

Lanval Sir Gawain research paper

The legendary works of Lanval and Sir Gawain provides a positive human state of loyalty and honor that will truly boost the persona of these two individuals. Different portrayal of roles which will lead to a channel of similarities and differences was the focal point of scrutinizing these two masterpieces. In addition, upon exploring these two different works considering the positive and / or negative human state, attitude and characteristics, it is imperative to determine the strengths of Lanval and Sir Gawain by using these criteria.The story of Lanval reverses the typical conventions in romance as the maiden rescues the knight instead of the usual approach that men took the first move. In the event wherein Lanval walk away going nowhere, he looses his mind with and unfortunately his horse did not make to serve him and no other way but Lanval let go of his horse Apparently there were ladies along the way who came across with whom presents great attitude of accommodating him. As thi s two ladies approach Lanval, there was a prior intention of leading Lanval to the queen.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Marie de France’s   Lanval â€Å"These two ladies came straightaway / To the place where Lanval lay / Lanval, mannerly, well-bred / quickly scrambled to his feet / The ladies spoke, first to greet / Him, then with a message they said / Lord Lanval, the lady we owe duty / A lady of valor, wisdom and beauty / It’s for you our lady has sent / Us.Now come along with us, do! / Safely we’ll conduct you through / Not far – look, you can see her tent!† (6.1-12). Despite the eagerness of the queen to establish a discreet relationship, Lanval in return cannot take the pleasure being offered to him, thus, he neglected to pursue such tempting emotion. â€Å"For her kiss, her embrace, her touch / Little he cares about other’s delight / When he can’t enjoy his own! / The queen saw him go off alone / And she headed straight for that knight / S he sat near him, she called him over / she spoke as her heart would move her / Lanval, I really so respect you / I really care, I really love / And you can have all my love / Tell me what you want! I expect you / Must be happy at what I say / I’m offering to go all the way / Lady, he said, let me go! / I never thought to love you so! / I’ve served the king for many a day / His faith in me I won’t betray / Not for you, your love, or anything / Would I ever act against my king!† (13.1-19).It came to the point that the queen became desperate for the reason that Lanval still hold his emotion and stay in being loyal. Out of which the queen claims that Lanval maltreated her and even come to the point that Lanval was put in trial because of the anger of Queen Guinevere. â€Å"The King had just come home from the wood / His day's hunting had been good / He went into the Queen's chamber / She cried out, loud, when first she / Saw him, fell at his feet, begged merc y / Accused Lanval–he had shamed her! / He'd asked her for a love-affair / She'd said no, with this result / He'd offered her an ugly insult / He boasted of a friend so fair / So full of pride, breeding, honor / That the chambermaid who waited on her / The lowliest, poorest of the poor / Compared to the Queen, was worth far more / The King was angry, to the core / His oath against Lanval he swore / In court he'd prove he was no liar / Or else he'd hang, or die by fire / The King left the Queen's bedroom / Called three of his barons to him / Sent them to bring in Lanval† (15.1-21).On the other hand, the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knights epitomize the attitude of having a word of honor but unfortunately in the case of Sir Gawain, he did not make it up to the end. The game is that the challenger gets a chance to hit the Green Knight but in a year and a day, he must go to the Green Knight's chapel and then the Green Knight will test him and if he fails the tests, th e Green Knight will hit him. Sir Gawain being the youngest knight in the round table unfolds the challenge of battling with the Green Knight and continue with the pact that goes with the confront which was after a year of the fight the conqueror will go to Green Chapel to get a blow in return if he does not meet the ordeal.As Sir Gawain was on his way to the said place after a year, he was able to meet Bertilak. â€Å"Sir, if you be Gawain, it seems a great wonder / A man so well-meaning, and mannerly disposed / And cannot act in company as courtesy bids† (lines 1126 – 1997).   As Sir Gawain reached the place, challenges were headed for him, which in fact was very symbolic in nature. Temptations occurs which in turn he get hold of a girdle. Bertilak which happens to be the Green Knight also put him into the test as they come to the exchange of winnings. Unfortunately, Sir Gawain fails to be loyal and honest as he fails to utter the girdle that he has.Both these stori es present exciting analytical relationship taking into account honor and courtly love. It is of great pride of the character’s portrayal on how their outlook will affect their decisions up to the end which will make them a hero of their own. Compare and contrast these two poems is the focal point of this paper. In addition, at the end of this paper, identifying the similarities and differences of both works was essential in the analysis of the subject matter.Compare and Contrast: Lanval & Sir GawainLoyalty was clearly illustrated in both characters. It is of great value to take note how this certain attitude transform their individuality. Lanval promises not to reveal the identity of his mistress. Even when Queen Guinevere attempts to seduce Lanval, he refuses temptation because of her loyalty to his lover – the fairy maiden. Evidently, the foundation of such loyalty was rooted in the character of his lover. On the other hand, Sir Gawain takes the challenge for King A rthur in response to his loyalty to his master. He also honors the pact of one year and one day and took the chance of fighting with beast in order to render the pact of their duel. Sir Gawain has the will to sacrifice in order to hold on his word to the point that he almost experience starving just to keep his promise.In lieu of their loyalty, they established within themselves the honor which gives them the pride. Lanval embrace his word up to the end even if he goes through a trial, he faces it with pride and honor. He did not endure the accusations of the queen and faces its challenges. On the other note, Sir Gawain seize his honor as he dwell on the challenges of the concordat up to the end. He did not even open a single door to have second thought to pursue the battle with the Green Knight and thus, give him ultimate honor.As regards to feelings, both the character of Lanval and Sir Gawain experienced to have intense love – the one for a certain maiden and the latter wa s a love for the self. It could be different in criteria but both give them the strength to live. The pursuance of ones love ultimately gives them the drive to stand rigid and hold on what would make them tough. Definitely, as the character of Lanval and Sir Gawain defeats temptation, this love boosts their grip on the road to being strong.  It brightens the lives of Lanval and Sir Gawain as their powerful love bestow them hope. Lanval even if he’s on trial and in any moment will destroy the life that he has, he consistently hold onto the hope that the truth will prevail – whatever accusations of the queen towards Lanval, it will not persist because it just present an opaque scenario of events which did not occur in the first place.   In Marie de France’s Lanval â€Å"On the day set for the trial / The barons have traveled many a mile / To be there; the Queen’s there, and the King / And now Lanval’s hostages bring / Him in. They’re so s orry for him / A hundred knights or more, I guess / Would have done anything for him / So he could walk free away from the case / So wrongful are the accusations!† (20.1-9).The people will stand for Lanval as they witness the unreasonable accusations that queen bequeath on Lanval. Parallel to this, as to the case of Sir Gawain, as he faces the challenge of the Green Knight, his will sustains his hope. The more he pursues the pact, the more it will give him peace of mind. Thus holding on the aspiration of victory gives him hope.Guilt also took part in the characters stance and make plausible comparison. As regard to Lanval’s encounter with the queen, even if he was very much aware that the personality of the queen might be ruin, Lanval still insist with his determination to stand to what he believes is right – and that is to be loyal with his lover. As to the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, in consequence of Sir Gawain’s encounter with challenges in Green’s Chapel, the host gives him kisses in return for his success, however he did not follow to what they agreed prior the battle, he did not give all of his winnings which gives him the guilt and thus consistently wear the girdle around his arm as a sign of his culpability.ConclusionThe act of sincerity comes into account as we weigh the guilt which was instill in the hearts and minds of the characters. Both Lanval and Sir Gawain were sincere in their craft. With no hesitance, they face the consequences of their chosen field. Fear was the major hindrance to their established characters.Both personas disregard pleasure and pain. The act of cynicism was present in Lanval and Sir Gawain. Courtly love was taken into account in these two characters. Lanval epitomized his sincerity and love for his fairy maiden as he kept surpassing the barriers of their relationships. On the other hand the host going to the Green Chapel touches the heart of Sir Gawain in one way or the other as he sealed himself in exchanging his winnings with the Green Knight specifically with the girdle that he got from the host. Sense of mortality was present as it has a feeling of commonality in both presented poems. These nearly pass the same life cycle as its main character being portrayed by Lanval and Sir Gawain almost has the same channel – a sense of preciousness of time and life.Good things happen to good people. Lanval broke his promise, and Sir Gawain broke his promise. But nothing bad happened to either. They learned from their mistake and they were regretful. Both authors show that after all, humans will be humans, and humans are capable of mistakes, no matter how honorable their past has been.Both the female characters are not loyal to their husbands. Neither is Queen Guinevere or the host’s wife. Both try to seduce another man and attempt to sleep with other man. Men are more loyal than women in these two works.On another note, there were also opposing in stances in these poems. The works differ in loyalty. Sir Gawain lied to protect his life while Lanval lied to protect his mistress’ honor. Furthermore, as regards to the sense of guilt, Lanval did not felt a single guilt at the end as he chose to stand firm on what he believe was right. Lanval just ride off to Avalon with his lover – as if it was okay for him to break his code of silence. On the Contrary, there was a feeling of guilt in Sir Gawain since he was not honest in exchanging his winnings and in consequence of his remorse; he wears his girdle in his arms.Lanval and Sir Gawain show the interconnection of their stories as well as their temperaments. In one way or the other, there was resemblance with their stories and it presents a good basis of comparison.Referencesâ€Å"LANVAL† Marie de France, translated Judith P. Shoaf  ©1991, 2005Stone, Brian. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. British Library. 1974